Wow Steph you have a lot going on..so since I like to type a lot I will give it my best shot..
1 it sounds like you broke off a bolt in the water pump nose..that shiny thingy you took off is the clutch for the fan..? will be is it easier to replace the pump or drill out the old one? I would go for the pump myself..
2 you can clean the pulleys off but I would use a 100 grit sandpaper in the belt area only..this should take the shine off..if you want to clean off grease then put them in the sink with some dawn dish soap and scrub them off..do the same thing on the engine block..
3 +4. Use a piece of string with the pulleys installed and run it around where the belts go..its easier to see this way if they are off..look at the string and not the pulleys..also this can be a way to measure the length of belt you need..run the string tie a knot and off you go to the parts store to have them measured in a belt tool..
6. This depends on how much it makes noise..
7. I would go with Gates or Goodyear belts..
Get them local if you can..
Rich
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My first parade at Carlisle 2010